Although deportations have continued, there is increasing evidence that Malaysia recognizes migrant workers are a necessary, long-term, structural requirement for the economy. However, official remittances probably represent less than a half of the total, with large amounts sent through unofficial channels and brought back in cash and gifts. Also, measuring the flows is problematic as Indonesian data are particularly poor.
The Indonesia case demonstrates that examining remittances at a national level doesn't always reflect their true impact because most migrants come from particular regions and localities within those regions. In Indonesia, the main sending areas are rural Java and eastern Indonesia, areas where it has become customary for some groups to seek work overseas. Researcher Titu Eki found that the estimated remittance income in East Flores kabupaten regency in was four times greater than the budget of the entire provincial government, although East Flores had only 5.
Yet the development potential of remittances in poor, peripheral areas is largely not being realized. This is partly due to the lack of opportunities for local investment and partly due to a lack of government involvement. In contrast with outflows, one characteristic of recent international migration into Indonesia was an influx of skilled expatriates due to the inability of Indonesian training institutions to supply enough professionals especially engineers, scientists, managers, accountants, etc.
As a result, experts came from Australia and other more developed countries, as well as the Philippines and India. Table 3 indicates the official numbers of foreigners in Indonesia prior to the onset of the financial crisis of ; this is the most recent data available. While undoubtedly underestimating the numbers involved, it indicates that there were about , official temporary residents in Indonesia in , more than half of them in Jakarta, the focus of most foreign investment activity.
Significantly, the largest contributor of these migrants was Asia. This was associated with high levels of investment in Indonesia by companies from Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong prior to the crisis.
Although it is likely that the number of skilled professionals in Indonesia decreased as a result of the crisis, it is not known if the number has rebounded. Indonesia remains less affected by brain drain than many nations, not only because it is the world's fourth-largest nation but also because the outflow to developed countries is still small in absolute terms. Hence, most of the policy concern focuses on unskilled labor emigration.
Indonesia has been slower than the Philippines and other migrant-source countries to develop effective policies and programs to protect labor migrants. However, this attitude is changing with both government and nongovernment organizations NGOs taking more action. In particular, NGOs are organizing migrant workers, providing information and training, raising public awareness of issues concerning migrants, and documenting the migration experience.
One example is the signing of a memorandum of understanding with Malaysia to increase protection of Indonesian workers, especially domestics, in mid in Bali. Employers are now required to sign contracts that specify the rights and obligations of both parties, and they may no longer withhold workers' wages.
In addition, workers have the right to practice their religion, vote in the general election at the Indonesian embassy, and have disputes settled in Malaysian courts. The Indonesian government also has set up a directorate to improve the welfare of migrant workers and established regular inspection visits by Indonesian officials of workplaces abroad.
A presidential decree put the maximum processing time of migrant workers at 24 days instead of up to six months. The Indonesian government has also occasionally halted deployment of workers to individual countries. For example, according to Asian Migration News , it briefly banned sending domestic workers to Bahrain in because manpower agencies refused to accept new regulations regarding a minimum salary and sick and annual leave entitlements.
A similar ban was imposed on the United Arab Emirates in in response to human rights, but, as with other such bans, it had little impact on the outflow of Indonesian migrant workers. Emigration has not affected Indonesia as greatly as some other Southeast Asian nations, such as the Philippines. Moreover, in such a large nation, its impact has been limited.
Yet the effects have been significant particularly in some regions of the country, and they have been increasing. The Indonesian government has been slower than the Philippines and other labor-migrant source countries to develop effective policies and programs to maximize the benefits of labor migration to migrants and the nation.
However, both government and nongovernmental organizations NGOs have significantly increased their activity in migration-related issues, particularly in the protection of migrant workers. The Indonesian government has been justly criticized in the past for failing to actively protect its migrant workers, especially domestic workers, from routine abuse. Although NGOs are still somewhat critical, the Indonesian government is moving in the right direction.
Bahrin, T. Castles, S. Iredale, C. Hawksley and S. Castles eds. Chalamwong, Y. Departemen Tenaga Kerja, Republic of Indonesia, Dumont, J. Eki, A. Firdausy, C. Ford, M. Huang, S. Hugo, G. Jain, G. O'Leary and F. Patrikeeff eds. Asian Experiences in Remittances.
X, Human Rights Watch, Inglis, C. Available online. Nillumbik locals also enjoy the annual festivals held in the Shire. With a population of over ,, Stonnington has a young population with a median age of 35 and the top five non-English speaking languages are Greek, Mandarin, Cantonese, Italian and Hindi. Stonnington is famous for its fashion scene on Chapel Street.
Around 17 per cent of residents are aged 65 years or over, higher than the Melbourne average, and households with children make up 43 per cent of the population. Whitehorse is famous for its tree lined, leafy streets. Whitehorse has a large Chinese population with 7. The City of Whittlesea is located north of Melbourne and is one or the largest municipalities in Melbourne, covering suburbs such as Epping, Thomastown and South Morang.
The City is one of the fastest growing municipalities in Australia, welcoming around 8, new residents every year. Over 40 per cent of residents speak a language other than English at home. The City of Wyndham is located on the western edge of Melbourne and features 27 km of beautiful coastline. Wyndham is experiencing population growth of 5.
The City of Yarra is located next to the City of Melbourne on its north east side and includes the suburbs of Collingwood, Richmond and Fitzroy. There are plenty of things to see and do in Yarra and residents love the good quality schools, inner city lifestyle and bustling nightlife.
The Shire of Yarra Ranges is located at the east of Melbourne and is a diverse mix of urban and rural communities. Yarra Ranges covers about 2, km2 and stretches from the densely populated outer suburbs to the forested areas of the Great Dividing Ranges.
Around 70 per cent of the population live in rural areas, and the Shire includes over 10, businesses and employs more than 35, people. Each year more than 2 million tourists visit the Yarra Ranges Shire.
There are many local community associations and organisations for Indonesian migrants in Melbourne. Source: Victorian Multicultural Commission. Visit our Chinese language site to view other content. Continue to read this page in English.
Indonesian-born people have migrated to Victoria since approx. Top occupations for Melbourne's Indonesian community Top industries for Melbourne's Indonesian community Professional, scientific, technical and administration. About The population density of Indonesia is currently at According to the official population data, Indonesia has 11 cities with a population over 1 million, although estimates from show that there are now 14 cities that have populations that exceed 1 million.
The 10 largest cities in Indonesia, with populations as of , are:. Jakarta isn't just the most populous city in Indonesia; it's also the most populous in Southeast Asia and the 14th most populated city on earth. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the third largest in the world, and the metropolis's suburbs extend even further. The entire area has a population of over 30 million, which makes it one of the largest conurbations on earth.
Indonesia is a sovereign archipelago in Southeast Asia and the fourth most populous country on earth after China , India , and the United States. Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian-speaking people. Another major ethnic group are Melanesians who live on the eastern part of the country.
Other major ethnic groups include: Sundanese The Indonesian constitution grants religious freedom although the government only officially recognizes Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism. There are more than languages spoken in Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia, a form of Malay, is the official language and is used mostly in education, media, commerce, and administration.
Most people in Indonesia actually tend to speak other languages as their primary language, however. The median age of the population in Indonesia is approximately In terms of accessibility to clean water and sanitation facilities , approximately Only However, Indonesia maintains a fairly high literacy rate of Another interesting statistic involves the ages of the Indonesian population and although these figures date from the previous national census of , they still tell an interesting story.
Of the total population,
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