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The giant ameba Pelomyxa carolinensis. Although animal cells lack these cell structures, both of them have nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. Read this tutorial to learn plant cell structures and their roles in plants Read More. A typical eukaryotic cell is comprised of cytoplasm with different organelles, such as nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and so on. The cellular contents are surrounded by a double layer, cell membrane. These cellular structures and cell junctions are elaborated in this tutorial Genes are expressed through the process of protein synthesis.
This elaborate tutorial provides an in-depth review of the different steps of the biological production of protein starting from the gene up to the process of secretion. Also included are topics on DNA replication during interphase of the cell cycle, DNA mutation and repair mechanisms, gene pool, modification, and diseases The mitotic spindle is the macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis.
The major structural elements of the spindle are microtubule polymers, whose intrinsic polarity and dynamic properties are critical for bipolar spindle organization and function. In most cell types, spindle microtubule nucleation occurs primarily at two centrosomes, which define the spindle poles, but microtubules can also be generated by the chromosomes and within the spindle itself.
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