Wayne's Word. Noteworthy Plants. Biology Kingdom Monera 2. Kingdom Protista [ Protozoan Phyla ] 3. Kingdom Fungi 4. Kingdom Plantae 5. Kingdom Animalia. The following phyla of multicellular animals called metazoans are usually included in general biology courses. Remember that the botanical counterpart of a phylum is called a division. Unicellular animals called protozoans are usually placed in the kingdom Protista along with the divisions of unicellular and multicellular algae.
True multicellular animals are typically without cellulose cell walls and photosynthetic pigments, and they form diploid embryos developing from a blastula stage. The blastula is a hollow, fluid-filled sphere bounded by a single layer of cells surrounding a central cavity or blastocoel. The blastula develops from a spherical cluster of cells called a morula.
In addition, animals are capable of locomotion or body movement by means of contractile muscle tissue. In a cross sectional view, animal embryos are composed of an outer layer called ectoderm, a middle layer or mesoderm, and an internal layer or endoderm that surrounds the digestive cavity. Multicellular animals are heterotrophic by ingestion of food into a body cavity coelom that is completely lined by the mesoderm.
Primitive phyla without a true coelom include the Porifera and Coelenterata Cnidaria. Animal phyla are classified according to certain criteria, including the type of coelom, symmetry, body plan, and presence of segmentation. Sponges Porifera have a primitive cellular level of organization and lack tissues and symmetry.
They depend on a flow of water through the body to acquire food. Cnidaria and comb jellies Ctenophora have radial symmetry and a saclike body composed of two tissue layers derived from the germ layers ectoderm and endoderm. Cnidaria typically develop a polyp body plan e. Hydra or a medusa body plan e. In species with both polyp and medusa, the polyp is the asexual form while the medusa contains the sex organs. Flatworms Platyhelminthes and ribbon worms Nemertea have tissues and organs derived from a third germ layer called the mesoderm.
They have the organ level of organization and are bilaterally symmetrical. Planaria are free-living predators, but flukes and tapeworms are adapted to a parasitic mode of life. The flatworm planarian is an acoelomate because it does not have a coelom within its mesoderm layer.
Its digesitive cavity is surrounded by the endodermal layer. The roundworm is a pseudocoelomate because it does not have a complete coelom within its mesoderm layer. In other words, its coelom is not completely lined by the mesoderm layer blue. The earthworm annelid is a coelomate because it has a true coelom within its mesoderm layer.
In other words, the coelom white is completely enclosed within the mesoderm layer blue. Coelomates have more complex internal organs and a muscular gut intestines derived from the mesoderm. Gastrulation in protostome and deuterostome embryos.
In protostomes, the initial site of ingrowth or invagination blastopore becomes the mouth. In deuterostomes, the initial site of ingrowth or invagination blastopore becomes the anus. Site Of Embryo Development. Domestic Fowl. Four methods of sex determination in animals. Two examples of marine sponges. The surface contains numerous pores connected to canals and chambers lined by flagellated cells called choanocytes. Sponges are filter-feeders, taking in microscopic plankton by miniature currents created by the choanocytes.
A marine stony coral showing the numerous calcareous chambers that were once occupied by tentacle-bearing polyps. Colonies of stony corals are important reef builders in warm, tropical waters. Reef corals may form 1 fringing reefs extending out to 0. A wide variety of marine invertebrates, including sponges, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, gastropods and turbellarians harbor within them golden spherical cells termed zooxanthellae.
The photosynthetic activity of these symbiotic algal cells is vital to the survival of the individual coral animals and to the entire reef ecosystem. The zooxanthellae include several species of unicellular algae in the order Zooxanthellales within the algal division Pyrrophyta also spelled Pyrrhophyta.
The term zoochlorellae refer to several species of symbiotic unicellular green algae of the division Chlorophyta. Along the Pacific coast of North America, zoochlorellae produce the greenish color in sea anemone tentacles.
A pristine tide pool along the Oregon coast of North America. Purple sea urchin, B. Blood Starfish, C. Coralline red algae, D. Six-rayed starfish, and E. Sea anemone. The tentacles of the sea anemone contain zoochlorellae, symbiotic green cells of the algal division Chlorophyta.
A sea anemone and its symbiotic anemone fish. Three comb jellies ctenophores. Comb jellies resemble tiny hot air ballons the size of a walnut or smaller with eight rows of fused cilia comb plates extending down the sides. They propel themselves mouth first by the eight rows of comb plates. Ctenophores superficially resemble miniature medusae phylum Cnidaria ; however, most medusae arise asexually from a polyp generation and ctenophores have no polyp stage in their life cycle.
Tentacles extending from the mouth contain "glue cells" or colloblasts containing spiral threads which snare small fish and crustaceans with a gluelike material. Play the Animal Phyla Memory Game. No other collections are associated with this one. You can click on the "associate" button on other collections to have them appear here. Animal Phyla The major subgroups of animals are usually classified as phyla singular: phylum.
Follow the links below to find out more about each animal phylum. Species estimates are from: Chapman, A. Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. Canberra, Australia. Zhang, Z. Animal biodiversity: An introduction to higher-level classification and taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 7— Pages 1 2 Last ». Segmented Worms. Includes earthworms, leaches and marine segmented worms. Echiura, Pogonophora, and Sipuncula, which used to be independent phyla, are now part of Annelida.
Life … Eukaryota Opisthokonta Metazoa. Comb Jellies. Gelatinous marine animals. Predators feeding on zooplankton such as fish eggs, copepods, amphipods, and larvae. Includes terrestrial groups like insects, spiders, millipedes, centipedes as well as predominantly marine groups like crustaceans and sea spiders. Many species have yet to be discovered. Precambrian mya to Present. Subphyla: Anthozoa, Medusozoa. Some 11, Domain Eukaryota Subkingdom Eumetazoa. Classes:Tentaculata, Nuda.
Some Symbion species. Echiura sometimes placed with Annelida. Upper Carboniferous to Present. Echiuroidea, Heteromyota, Xenopneusta. Four families. Orders: Macrodasyida, Chaetonotida. About Orders: Filospermoidea, Bursovaginoidea. Classes: Enteropneusta, Graptolithina extinct , Pterobranchia, Planctosphaeroidea.
Orders: Cyclorhagida, Homalorhagida. Eight described genera. One Genus: Limnognathia. At least 1. Some , Classes: Adenophorea, Secernentea. Perhaps one million. Classes: Nectonematoida Gordioidea. Classes: Anopla, Enopla. More than Onychophora Also see Lobopodia. Extant families: Peripatidae, Peripatopsidae.
Some 20 species. Putative Phoronids from Cambrian.
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